Relación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas y la calidad del agua en Ecuador: análisis factorial exploratorio

Edgar  Morales Caluña; Kevin  Armijo Valverde; Nathalia  Solorzano Ibarra

doi:10.59169/pentaciencias.v7i4.1563

Authors

Edgar Morales Caluña Universidad Estatal de Milagro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9545-1282
Kevin Armijo Valverde Universidad Estatal de Milagro https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0822-266X
Nathalia Solorzano Ibarra Universidad Estatal de Milagro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1441-1164

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59169/pentaciencias.v7i4.1563

Keywords:

water quality; socioeconomic conditions; exploratory factor analysis; Ecuador

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and water quality in Ecuador through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Data from the 2023-2024 National Child Malnutrition Survey (ENDI) were used, with a sample of 20,186 households. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s sphericity tests confirmed the suitability of factor analysis. Two main factors were identified: the first related to socioeconomic status and the second to water quality, specifically the presence of E. coli and the absence of residual chlorine. The results indicate that lower-income households have greater exposure to contaminated water sources. These findings underscore the need for public policies to ensure equitable access to safe drinking water, especially in vulnerable communities. Strengthening water infrastructure and improving quality monitoring systems are recommended to mitigate health risks in at-risk populations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alvarez, L., Vargas, L., & Jimenez, A. (2024). Priorities for the rural water and sanitation services regulation in Latin America. Frontiers in Water, 6, 1406301. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/water/articles/10.3389/frwa.2024.1406301/full

Baistaman, J., Nawi, F. A. M., Mustapha, W. M. W., & Mamat, M. (2022). Exploratory Factor Analysis of Financial Literacy in the Malaysian Context. Proceedings, 82(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022082024

Cordero-Ahiman, O. V. (2022). Ley Orgánica del Régimen de la Soberanía Alimentaria de Ecuador. Revista chilena de nutrición, 49, 34-38. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-75182022000400034&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt

Dourojeanni, A. (2001). Water management at the river basin level: Challenges in Latin America. ECLAC. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/6386

Espejo, J. M. A., Ontaneda, W. I. T., Padilla, N. I. A., & Ochoa-Moreno, W. S. (2021). Water saving practices conditioned by socioeconomic factors: A case study of Ecuadorian households. Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112818. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030147972100880X

Lanrewaju, A. A., Enitan-Folami, A. M., Sabiu, S., Edokpayi, J. N., & Swalaha, F. M. (2022). Global public health implications of human exposure to viral contaminated water. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 981896. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.981896/full

Lesia, M. P., Aigbavboa, C. O., & Thwala, W. D. (2024). Factors influencing residential location choice in South Africa: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 39(1), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-023-10070-w

Molajou, A., Pouladi, P., & Afshar, A. (2021). Incorporating social system into water-food-energy nexus. Water Resources Management, 35, 4561-4580. https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-021-02967-4&casa_token=4UGDpXgkHsQAAAAA:ZdQymGcpyQJ6qOjYFFz81Nkd6BOIXh3KDtueD-Vg5bnN1Le45hszjQvTLTVs31JqIUONrEzrScuSn4c-X0w

Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., & Bartram, J. (2012). Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030880

Organization, W. H. (2019). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329370/9789241516235-eng.pdf

Palacios, J. C., & Jácome, F. (2022). Propuesta metodológica para el cálculo de los indicadores ODS 6.1 y 6.2 de agua, saneamiento e higiene para instituciones educativas en Ecuador. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Bibliotecas/Libros/cuadernos_trabajo/WASH_Escuelas_16_05_22.pdf

Pradilla, G., & Hack, J. (2024). An urban rivers renaissance? Stream restoration and green–blue infrastructure in Latin America – Insights from urban planning in Colombia. Urban Ecosystems, 27(6), 2245-2265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-024-01571-9

Putsoane, T., Bhanye, J. I., & Matamanda, A. (2024). Extreme weather events and health inequalities: Exploring vulnerability and resilience in marginalized communities. Developments in Environmental Science, 15, 225-248. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044321948100011X

Rios Quituizaca, P., Gatica-Domínguez, G., Nambiar, D., Ferreira Santos, J. L., Brück, S., Vidaletti Ruas, L., & Barros, A. J. (2021). National and subnational coverage and inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and sanitary health interventions in Ecuador: A comparative study between 1994 and 2012. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20, 1-14. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12939-020-01359-1

Scanlon, B. R., Fakhreddine, S., Reedy, R. C., Yang, Q., & Malito, J. G. (2022). Drivers of Spatiotemporal Variability in Drinking Water Quality in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(18), 12965-12974. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08697

Scanlon, B. R., Reedy, R. C., Fakhreddine, S., Yang, Q., & Pierce, G. (2023). Drinking water quality and social vulnerability linkages at the system level in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 18(9), 094039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ace2d9

Schreiber, J. B. (2021). Issues and recommendations for exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(5), 1004-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.027

Shamini, P. B., Trivedi, S., Shriram, K. S., Rishi, R. R. S., & Sabarish, D. S. (2023). Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) Based on Geolocational Area. En N. Subhashini, Morris. A. G. Ezra, & S.-K. Liaw (Eds.), Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies (pp. 167-174). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8338-2_13

Vinueza, D., Ochoa-Herrera, V., Maurice, L., Tamayo, E., Mejía, L., Tejera, E., & Machado, A. (2021). Determining the microbial and chemical contamination in Ecuador’s main rivers. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96926-z

Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step Guide for Novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93

Wingfield, S., Martínez-Moscoso, A., Quiroga, D., & Ochoa-Herrera, V. (2021). Challenges to water management in Ecuador: Legal authorization, quality parameters, and socio-political responses. Water, 13(8), 1017. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/8/1017