Routine tests for the human immunodeficiency virus, and relationship with timely clinical diagnosis

Abstract

Since more than thirty years ago, when the first laboratory tests capable of detecting human immunodeficiency virus infection were developed, technological advances have allowed the creation of various tests that are increasingly more precise and sensitive. It is crucial that medical professionals correctly interpret the results of these tests in their daily practice to ensure proper therapeutic management of patients. The objective of this research was to describe, according to scientific evidence, the sensitivity, specificity and indications of tests for the detection of the human immunodeficiency virus and its relationship with timely diagnosis. A qualitative, retrospective and documentary bibliographic review was carried out, focused on the analysis of the scientific literature relevant to the topic addressed. The PRISMA method was applied to collect, analyze and synthesize the most pertinent information that contributed to the development of the investigation, and critical judgment was used to verify the information used. The implementation of HIV screening guidelines in local regulations has led to a greater preference for rapid antigen or antibody tests, which has improved the efficiency and effectiveness of the HIV detection process. Rapid tests are the most used in screening due to their high reliability and sensitivity, yielding a sensitivity result of 100% and a specificity of 99.69%. Addressing socioeconomic and educational inequalities is crucial to improve early detection of HIV in the population.