Animal welfare and responsible pet ownership: an integrated approach to human–animal coexistence in Ecuador

Abstract

Animal welfare in companion animals is reflected in the harmony between humans, the environment, and the natural responses of pets, as seen in proper nutrition, preventive care, and comfortable living conditions. In this context, responsible pet ownership requires guardians to assume their rights and obligations, prioritizing the physical, emotional, and social well-being of their animals. Currently, pets are considered part of the family, forming strong emotional bonds and offering benefits such as companionship, physical activity, and therapeutic support. This research, documentary, qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory in nature, was based on a review of scientific literature published between 2015 and 2025, with the aim of identifying key animal welfare indicators to promote responsible ownership. The methodology involved the analysis of studies from specialized databases and the application of widely recognized models such as the Five Freedoms, the Five Domains, and the Welfare Quality framework. As a result, criteria were established to evaluate essential aspects such as continuous access to clean water, balanced nutrition, the ability to express natural behaviors, and a positive mental state, in accordance with Ecuadorian animal protection regulations. The findings revealed significant progress in the integral assessment of animal welfare across the country; however, challenges remain regarding the effective implementation of legislation and the need for greater public awareness. In conclusion, a multidimensional evaluation of animal welfare—supported by specific indicators and the collective commitment of authorities, pet owners, and civil society—is essential to achieving an ethical, sustainable, and healthy coexistence between people and their companion animals.